例4.16 (北京大学)在 △ A B C \triangle ABC △ A B C 中,tan A + tan B + tan C > 0 \tan A + \tan B + \tan C > 0 tan A + tan B + tan C > 0 是 △ A B C \triangle ABC △ A B C 为锐角三角形的
A. 充分不必要条件
B. 必要不充分条件
C. 充要条件
D. 既不充分也不必要条件
必要性是显然的,下面从熟知的正切恒等式开始研究充分性: tan A tan B tan C = tan A + tan B + tan C > 0 \begin{gathered} \tan A\tan B\tan C=\tan A + \tan B + \tan C > 0 \end{gathered} tan A tan B tan C = tan A + tan B + tan C > 0 锐角三角形的反面是:有一个角不小于90 ∘ 90\degree 9 0 ∘ ,其他两个角都小于90 ∘ 90\degree 9 0 ∘ ,这将导致tan A tan B tan C < 0 \tan A\tan B\tan C\lt0 tan A tan B tan C < 0 或不存在.
反面不可能成立,所以充分性也成立.
例4.17 (复旦大学) 在 △ A B C \triangle ABC △ A B C 中,tan A : tan B : tan C = 1 : 2 : 3 \tan A : \tan B : \tan C = 1 : 2 : 3 tan A : tan B : tan C = 1 : 2 : 3 ,求 A C A B \frac{AC}{AB} A B A C 。 { tan A = k , tan B = 2 k , tan C = 3 k tan A tan B tan C = tan A + tan B + tan C ⟹ k ( 2 k ) ( 3 k ) = k + 2 k + 3 k 6 k 3 = 6 k ( k > 0 ) , k 2 = 1 , k = + 1 sin B = tan B 1 + tan 2 B = 2 5 , sin C = tan C 1 + tan 2 C = 3 10 A C A B = sin B sin C 2 5 3 10 = 2 2 3 \begin{gathered} \begin{cases} \tan A=k,\\ \tan B=2k,\\ \tan C=3k \end{cases}\\ \tan A\tan B\tan C=\tan A + \tan B + \tan C\\ \Longrightarrow k(2k)(3k)=k+2k+3k\\ 6k^3=6k(k\gt0),k^2=1,k=+1\\ \sin B=\frac{\tan B}{\sqrt{1+\tan^2B}}=\frac{2}{\sqrt{5}},\\ \sin C=\frac{\tan C}{\sqrt{1+\tan^2C}}=\frac{3}{\sqrt{10}} \frac{AC}{AB}\\ =\frac{\sin B}{\sin C}\\ \frac{\frac{2}{\sqrt{5}}}{\frac{3}{\sqrt{10}}}=\frac{2\sqrt{2}}{3} \end{gathered} ⎩ ⎨ ⎧ tan A = k , tan B = 2 k , tan C = 3 k tan A tan B tan C = tan A + tan B + tan C ⟹ k ( 2 k ) ( 3 k ) = k + 2 k + 3 k 6 k 3 = 6 k ( k > 0 ) , k 2 = 1 , k = + 1 sin B = 1 + tan 2 B tan B = 5 2 , sin C = 1 + tan 2 C tan C = 10 3 A B A C = sin C sin B 10 3 5 2 = 3 2 2
例4.18 (北京大学) 是否存在实数 x x x , 使 tan x + 3 \tan x + \sqrt{3} tan x + 3 与 cot x + 3 \cot x + \sqrt{3} cot x + 3 为有理数?
条件过少,使用反证法,以子之矛,攻子之盾.
tan x + 3 = p ∈ Q , cot x + 3 = q ∈ Q tan x ≠ 0 , p ≠ 3 1 p − 3 + 3 = q p + 3 p 2 − 3 + 3 = q 3 ( 1 p 2 − 3 + 1 ) + ( p p 2 − 3 − q ) = 0 { 1 p 2 − 3 + 1 = 0 , p p 2 − 3 − q = 0 1 p 2 − 3 + 1 = 0 ⟺ p = ± 2 \begin{gathered} \tan x + \sqrt{3}=p\in Q,\cot x + \sqrt{3}=q\in Q\\ \tan x\ne0,p\ne\sqrt{3}\\ \frac{1}{p-\sqrt{3}}+\sqrt{3}=q\\ \frac{p+\sqrt{3}}{p^2-3}+\sqrt{3}=q\\ \sqrt{3}(\frac{1}{p^2-3}+1)+(\frac{p}{p^2-3}-q)=0\\ \begin{cases} \frac{1}{p^2-3}+1=0,\\ \frac{p}{p^2-3}-q=0 \end{cases}\\ \frac{1}{p^2-3}+1=0\Longleftrightarrow p=\pm\sqrt{2} \end{gathered} tan x + 3 = p ∈ Q , cot x + 3 = q ∈ Q tan x = 0 , p = 3 p − 3 1 + 3 = q p 2 − 3 p + 3 + 3 = q 3 ( p 2 − 3 1 + 1 ) + ( p 2 − 3 p − q ) = 0 { p 2 − 3 1 + 1 = 0 , p 2 − 3 p − q = 0 p 2 − 3 1 + 1 = 0 ⟺ p = ± 2 而2 ∉ Q \sqrt{2}\notin Q 2 ∈ / Q ,推出矛盾!
例4.19 (清华大学)设 α , β , γ \alpha, \beta, \gamma α , β , γ 分别为 1 ∘ , 61 ∘ , 121 ∘ 1^\circ, 61^\circ, 121^\circ 1 ∘ , 6 1 ∘ , 12 1 ∘ ,则
A. tan α + tan β + tan γ tan α tan β tan γ = − 3 \frac{\tan \alpha + \tan \beta + \tan \gamma}{\tan \alpha \tan \beta \tan \gamma} = -3 t a n α t a n β t a n γ t a n α + t a n β + t a n γ = − 3
B. tan α + tan β + tan γ tan α tan β tan γ = 3 \frac{\tan \alpha + \tan \beta + \tan \gamma}{\tan \alpha \tan \beta \tan \gamma} = 3 t a n α t a n β t a n γ t a n α + t a n β + t a n γ = 3
C. tan α tan β + tan β tan γ + tan γ tan α = − 3 \tan \alpha \tan \beta + \tan \beta \tan \gamma + \tan \gamma \tan \alpha = -3 tan α tan β + tan β tan γ + tan γ tan α = − 3
D. tan α tan β + tan β tan γ + tan γ tan α = 3 \tan \alpha \tan \beta + \tan \beta \tan \gamma + \tan \gamma \tan \alpha = 3 tan α tan β + tan β tan γ + tan γ tan α = 3
发掘60 ∘ 60\degree 6 0 ∘ 的角度差: tan ( γ − β ) = tan γ − tan β 1 + tan γ tan β = tan 60 ∘ = 3 tan ( β − α ) = tan β − tan α 1 + tan β tan α = tan 60 ∘ = 3 tan ( α − γ ) = tan α − tan γ 1 + tan α tan γ = tan ( − 120 ) ∘ = 3 \begin{gathered} \tan(\gamma-\beta)=\frac{\tan\gamma-\tan\beta}{1+\tan\gamma\tan\beta}=\tan60\degree=\sqrt{3}\\ \tan(\beta-\alpha)=\frac{\tan\beta-\tan\alpha}{1+\tan\beta\tan\alpha}=\tan60\degree=\sqrt{3}\\ \tan(\alpha-\gamma)=\frac{\tan\alpha-\tan\gamma}{1+\tan\alpha\tan\gamma}=\tan(-120)\degree=\sqrt{3}\\ \end{gathered} tan ( γ − β ) = 1 + tan γ tan β tan γ − tan β = tan 6 0 ∘ = 3 tan ( β − α ) = 1 + tan β tan α tan β − tan α = tan 6 0 ∘ = 3 tan ( α − γ ) = 1 + tan α tan γ tan α − tan γ = tan ( − 120 ) ∘ = 3
试图使用合比定理,会产生0 0 \frac{0}{0} 0 0 型未定式: ( tan γ − tan β ) + ( tan β − tan α ) + ( tan α − tan γ ) = 3 ( 3 + tan α tan β + tan β tan γ + tan γ tan α ) 0 = tan α tan β + tan β tan γ + tan γ tan α + 3 tan α tan β + tan β tan γ + tan γ tan α = − 3 \begin{gathered} (\tan\gamma-\tan\beta)+(\tan\beta-\tan\alpha)+(\tan\alpha-\tan\gamma)=\sqrt{3}(3+\tan \alpha \tan \beta + \tan \beta \tan \gamma + \tan \gamma \tan \alpha)\\ 0=\tan \alpha \tan \beta + \tan \beta \tan \gamma + \tan \gamma \tan \alpha+3\\ \tan \alpha \tan \beta + \tan \beta \tan \gamma + \tan \gamma \tan \alpha=-3 \end{gathered} ( tan γ − tan β ) + ( tan β − tan α ) + ( tan α − tan γ ) = 3 ( 3 + tan α tan β + tan β tan γ + tan γ tan α ) 0 = tan α tan β + tan β tan γ + tan γ tan α + 3 tan α tan β + tan β tan γ + tan γ tan α = − 3
C,D选项是成组的,现在判断A,B:
tan α − tan γ = 3 ( 1 + tan α tan γ ) 1 tan γ − 1 tan α = 3 ( 1 tan α tan γ + 1 ) 1 tan α − 1 tan β = 3 ( 1 tan β tan α + 1 ) 1 tan β − 1 tan γ = 3 ( 1 tan γ tan β + 1 ) tan α + tan β + tan γ tan α tan β tan γ = 1 tan α tan γ + 1 tan β tan α + 1 tan γ tan β = − 3 \begin{gathered} \tan\alpha-\tan\gamma=\sqrt{3}(1+\tan\alpha\tan\gamma)\\ \frac{1}{\tan\gamma}-\frac{1}{\tan\alpha}=\sqrt{3}(\frac{1}{\tan\alpha\tan\gamma}+1)\\ \frac{1}{\tan\alpha}-\frac{1}{\tan\beta}=\sqrt{3}(\frac{1}{\tan\beta\tan\alpha}+1)\\ \frac{1}{\tan\beta}-\frac{1}{\tan\gamma}=\sqrt{3}(\frac{1}{\tan\gamma\tan\beta}+1)\\ \frac{\tan \alpha + \tan \beta + \tan \gamma}{\tan \alpha \tan \beta \tan \gamma}\\ =\frac{1}{\tan\alpha\tan\gamma}+\frac{1}{\tan\beta\tan\alpha}+\frac{1}{\tan\gamma\tan\beta}=-3 \end{gathered} tan α − tan γ = 3 ( 1 + tan α tan γ ) tan γ 1 − tan α 1 = 3 ( tan α tan γ 1 + 1 ) tan α 1 − tan β 1 = 3 ( tan β tan α 1 + 1 ) tan β 1 − tan γ 1 = 3 ( tan γ tan β 1 + 1 ) tan α tan β tan γ tan α + tan β + tan γ = tan α tan γ 1 + tan β tan α 1 + tan γ tan β 1 = − 3
或者,考虑别的方向:正切三倍角公式 tan 3 α = tan ( 2 α + α ) = tan 2 α + tan α 1 − tan 2 α tan α = 2 tan α 1 − tan 2 α + tan α 1 − 2 tan 2 α 1 − tan 2 α = 3 tan α − tan 3 α 1 − 3 tan 2 α \begin{gathered} \tan3\alpha\\=\tan(2\alpha+\alpha)\\=\frac{\tan2\alpha+\tan\alpha}{1-\tan2\alpha\tan\alpha}\\ =\frac{\frac{2\tan\alpha}{1-\tan^2\alpha}+\tan\alpha}{1-\frac{2\tan^2\alpha}{1-\tan^2\alpha}}\\ =\frac{3\tan\alpha-\tan^3\alpha}{1-3\tan^2\alpha} \end{gathered} tan 3 α = tan ( 2 α + α ) = 1 − tan 2 α tan α tan 2 α + tan α = 1 − 1 − t a n 2 α 2 t a n 2 α 1 − t a n 2 α 2 t a n α + tan α = 1 − 3 tan 2 α 3 tan α − tan 3 α
注意到T = 180 ∘ = 60 ∘ × 3 T=180\degree=60\degree\times3 T = 18 0 ∘ = 6 0 ∘ × 3 ,有: tan 3 ∘ = tan 183 ∘ = tan 363 ∘ 3 tan 1 ∘ − tan 3 1 ∘ 1 − 3 tan 2 1 ∘ = 3 tan 61 ∘ − tan 3 61 ∘ 1 − 3 tan 2 61 ∘ = 3 tan 121 ∘ − tan 3 121 ∘ 1 − 3 tan 2 121 ∘ = tan 3 ∘ \begin{gathered} \tan3\degree=\tan183\degree=\tan363\degree\\ \frac{3\tan1\degree-\tan^31\degree}{1-3\tan^21\degree}=\frac{3\tan61\degree-\tan^361\degree}{1-3\tan^261\degree}=\frac{3\tan121\degree-\tan^3121\degree}{1-3\tan^2121\degree}=\tan3\degree \end{gathered} tan 3 ∘ = tan 18 3 ∘ = tan 36 3 ∘ 1 − 3 tan 2 1 ∘ 3 tan 1 ∘ − tan 3 1 ∘ = 1 − 3 tan 2 6 1 ∘ 3 tan 6 1 ∘ − tan 3 6 1 ∘ = 1 − 3 tan 2 12 1 ∘ 3 tan 12 1 ∘ − tan 3 12 1 ∘ = tan 3 ∘
由于三个角度的正切值显然各不相同,故它们是方程: t 3 − 3 t 3 t 2 − 1 = tan 3 ∘ \frac{t^3-3t}{3t^2-1}=\tan3\degree 3 t 2 − 1 t 3 − 3 t = tan 3 ∘ 的三个不同实根. t 3 − ( 3 tan 3 ∘ ) t 2 − 3 + tan 3 ∘ = 0 \begin{gathered} t^3-(3\tan3\degree)t^2-3+\tan3\degree=0 \end{gathered} t 3 − ( 3 tan 3 ∘ ) t 2 − 3 + tan 3 ∘ = 0 于是根据一元三次方程韦达定理: { tan α tan β + tan β tan γ + tan γ tan α = − 3 , tan α + tan β + tan γ = 3 tan 3 ∘ , tan α tan β tan γ = − tan 3 ∘ \begin{cases}\tan \alpha \tan \beta + \tan \beta \tan \gamma + \tan \gamma \tan \alpha = -3,\\ \tan \alpha + \tan \beta + \tan \gamma=3\tan3\degree,\\ \tan \alpha \tan \beta \tan \gamma=-\tan3\degree \end{cases} ⎩ ⎨ ⎧ tan α tan β + tan β tan γ + tan γ tan α = − 3 , tan α + tan β + tan γ = 3 tan 3 ∘ , tan α tan β tan γ = − tan 3 ∘ 同样选出AC,这个方法涉及到三个角度的产生,可能更本质.
例4.20 (北京大学)求证:tan 3 ∘ ∉ Q \tan 3^\circ \notin \mathbb{Q} tan 3 ∘ ∈ / Q 。
假设tan 3 ∘ ∈ Q \tan3\degree\in Q tan 3 ∘ ∈ Q ,则由正切两角和公式:tan 6 ∘ ∈ Q \tan6\degree\in Q tan 6 ∘ ∈ Q ,tan 9 ∘ ∈ Q \tan9\degree\in Q tan 9 ∘ ∈ Q ,tan 12 ∘ ∈ Q \tan12\degree\in Q tan 1 2 ∘ ∈ Q ,...,tan 30 ∘ ∈ Q \tan30\degree\in Q tan 3 0 ∘ ∈ Q ,这导致矛盾.
例4.21 (清华大学)在 △ A B C \triangle ABC △ A B C 中,则 sin A + sin B sin C \sin A + \sin B \sin C sin A + sin B sin C 的最大值
A. 最大值为 3 2 \frac{3}{2} 2 3
B. 最大值为 1 + 5 2 \frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2} 2 1 + 5
C. 最大值为 3 + 2 3 4 \frac{3+2\sqrt{3}}{4} 4 3 + 2 3
D. 无最大值
固定A,考虑B , C B,C B , C : sin A + sin B sin C = sin A − 1 2 [ cos ( B + C ) − cos ( B − C ) ] = sin A − 1 2 cos ( π − A ) + 1 2 cos ( B − C ) = sin A + 1 2 cos A + 1 2 cos ( B − C ) ≤ sin A + 1 2 cos A + 1 2 ≤ 5 + 1 2 \begin{gathered} \sin A + \sin B \sin C\\ =\sin A-\frac{1}{2}[\cos(B+C)-\cos(B-C)]\\ =\sin A-\frac{1}{2}\cos(\pi-A)+\frac{1}{2}\cos(B-C)\\ =\sin A+\frac{1}{2}\cos A+\frac{1}{2}\cos(B-C)\\ \le \sin A+\frac{1}{2}\cos A+\frac{1}{2}\le\frac{\sqrt{5}+1}{2} \end{gathered} sin A + sin B sin C = sin A − 2 1 [ cos ( B + C ) − cos ( B − C )] = sin A − 2 1 cos ( π − A ) + 2 1 cos ( B − C ) = sin A + 2 1 cos A + 2 1 cos ( B − C ) ≤ sin A + 2 1 cos A + 2 1 ≤ 2 5 + 1
例4.22 (中国科学技术大学) 已知三角形 A B C ABC A B C 中,sin A + 2 sin B cos C = 0 \sin A + 2\sin B\cos C = 0 sin A + 2 sin B cos C = 0 ,则 tan A \tan A tan A 的最大值是______。 a + 2 b cos C = 0 a + a 2 + b 2 − c 2 a = 0 2 a 2 + b 2 − c 2 = 0 \begin{gathered} a+2b\cos C=0\\ a+\frac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{a}=0\\ 2a^2+b^2-c^2=0 \end{gathered} a + 2 b cos C = 0 a + a a 2 + b 2 − c 2 = 0 2 a 2 + b 2 − c 2 = 0
条件都是三角形的边,求cos A \cos A cos A 更方便: cos A = b 2 + c 2 − a 2 2 b c = b 2 + c 2 − c 2 − b 2 2 2 b c = 3 2 b 2 + 1 2 c 2 2 b c ≥ 2 3 b c 4 b c = 3 2 tan A ≤ 3 3 \begin{gathered} \cos A=\frac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{2bc}\\ =\frac{b^2+c^2-\frac{c^2-b^2}{2}}{2bc}\\ =\frac{\frac{3}{2}b^2+\frac{1}{2}c^2}{2bc}\ge\frac{2\sqrt{3}bc}{4bc}=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\\ \tan A\le\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} \end{gathered} cos A = 2 b c b 2 + c 2 − a 2 = 2 b c b 2 + c 2 − 2 c 2 − b 2 = 2 b c 2 3 b 2 + 2 1 c 2 ≥ 4 b c 2 3 b c = 2 3 tan A ≤ 3 3 或者考虑A = π − ( B + C ) A=\pi-(B+C) A = π − ( B + C ) : 3 sin B cos C + sin C cos B = 0 3 \sin B \cos C + \sin C \cos B = 0 3 sin B cos C + sin C cos B = 0 3 tan B + tan C = 0 3 \tan B + \tan C = 0 3 tan B + tan C = 0 − tan A = tan ( B + C ) = tan B + tan C 1 − tan B tan C - \tan A = \tan ( B + C ) = \frac { \tan B + \tan C } { 1 - \tan B \tan C } − tan A = tan ( B + C ) = 1 − tan B tan C tan B + tan C = − 2 tan B 1 + 3 tan 2 B = \frac { - 2 \tan B } { 1 + 3 \tan ^ { 2 } B } = 1 + 3 tan 2 B − 2 tan B ∴ tan A = 2 3 tan B + 1 tan B ≤ 2 2 3 = 3 3 . \therefore \tan A = \frac { 2 } { 3 \tan B + \frac { 1 } { \tan B } } \leq \frac { 2 } { 2 \sqrt { 3 } } = \frac { \sqrt { 3 } } { 3 } . ∴ tan A = 3 tan B + t a n B 1 2 ≤ 2 3 2 = 3 3 .
例4.23 (清华大学) 在三角形 A B C ABC A B C 中,三边长 a , b , c a, b, c a , b , c 满足 a + c = 3 b a + c = 3b a + c = 3 b ,则 tan A 2 tan C 2 \tan\frac{A}{2}\tan\frac{C}{2} tan 2 A tan 2 C 的值为
A. 1 5 \frac{1}{5} 5 1
B. 1 4 \frac{1}{4} 4 1
C. 1 2 \frac{1}{2} 2 1
D. 2 3 \frac{2}{3} 3 2
sin A + sin C = 3 sin B 2 sin A + C 2 cos A − C 2 = 3 sin ( A + C ) = 6 sin A + C 2 cos A + C 2 ∵ A + C 2 ∈ ( 0 , π 2 ) ∴ sin A + C 2 > 0 cos A − C 2 = 3 cos A + C 2 cos A 2 cos C 2 + sin A 2 sin C 2 = 3 ( cos A 2 cos C 2 − sin A 2 sin C 2 ) 1 + tan A 2 tan C 2 = 3 ( 1 − tan A 2 tan C 2 ) tan A 2 tan C 2 = 1 2 \begin{gathered} \sin A+\sin C=3\sin B\\ 2\sin\frac{A+C}{2}\cos\frac{A-C}{2}=3\sin(A+C)=6\sin\frac{A+C}{2}\cos\frac{A+C}{2}\\ \because \frac{A+C}{2}\in(0,\frac{\pi}{2}) \therefore \sin\frac{A+C}{2}\gt 0\\ \cos\frac{A-C}{2}=3\cos\frac{A+C}{2}\\ \cos\frac{A}{2}\cos\frac{C}{2}+\sin\frac{A}{2}\sin\frac{C}{2}=3(\cos\frac{A}{2}\cos\frac{C}{2}-\sin\frac{A}{2}\sin\frac{C}{2})\\ 1+\tan\frac{A}{2}\tan\frac{C}{2}=3(1-\tan\frac{A}{2}\tan\frac{C}{2})\\ \tan\frac{A}{2}\tan\frac{C}{2}=\frac{1}{2} \end{gathered} sin A + sin C = 3 sin B 2 sin 2 A + C cos 2 A − C = 3 sin ( A + C ) = 6 sin 2 A + C cos 2 A + C ∵ 2 A + C ∈ ( 0 , 2 π ) ∴ sin 2 A + C > 0 cos 2 A − C = 3 cos 2 A + C cos 2 A cos 2 C + sin 2 A sin 2 C = 3 ( cos 2 A cos 2 C − sin 2 A sin 2 C ) 1 + tan 2 A tan 2 C = 3 ( 1 − tan 2 A tan 2 C ) tan 2 A tan 2 C = 2 1
考虑tan A 2 \tan\frac{A}{2} tan 2 A 的几何意义,更为直观: tan A 2 = r b + c − a 2 tan C 2 = r a + b − c 2 tan A 2 tan C 2 = 4 r 2 ( b + c − a ) ( a + b − c ) \begin{gathered} \tan\frac{A}{2}=\frac{r}{\frac{b+c-a}{2}}\\ \tan\frac{C}{2}=\frac{r}{\frac{a+b-c}{2}}\\ \tan\frac{A}{2}\tan\frac{C}{2}=\frac{4r^2}{(b+c-a)(a+b-c)} \end{gathered} tan 2 A = 2 b + c − a r tan 2 C = 2 a + b − c r tan 2 A tan 2 C = ( b + c − a ) ( a + b − c ) 4 r 2
回忆一下海伦公式: S △ = p ( p − a ) ( p − b ) ( p − c ) = r p , p = a + b + c 2 r 2 p = ( p − a ) ( p − b ) ( p − c ) r 2 ( p − a ) ( p − c ) = p − b p = a − b + c a + b + c = 1 2 tan A 2 tan C 2 = 1 2 \begin{gathered} S_\triangle=\sqrt{p(p-a)(p-b)(p-c)}=rp,p=\frac{a+b+c}{2}\\ r^2p=(p-a)(p-b)(p-c)\\ \frac{r^2}{(p-a)(p-c)}=\frac{p-b}{p}=\frac{a-b+c}{a+b+c}=\frac{1}{2}\\ \tan\frac{A}{2}\tan\frac{C}{2}=\frac{1}{2} \end{gathered} S △ = p ( p − a ) ( p − b ) ( p − c ) = r p , p = 2 a + b + c r 2 p = ( p − a ) ( p − b ) ( p − c ) ( p − a ) ( p − c ) r 2 = p p − b = a + b + c a − b + c = 2 1 tan 2 A tan 2 C = 2 1
例4.24 (上海交通大学)三角形的三边长为连续整数。
是否存在这样的三角形,其最大角是最小角的 2 2 2 倍? 是否存在这样的三角形,其最大角是最小角的 3 3 3 倍? 考虑对称性,设三边长为a = x − 1 , b = x , c = x + 1 , x ∈ N ∗ , x ≥ 3 a=x-1,b=x,c=x+1,x\in\N^*,x\ge3 a = x − 1 , b = x , c = x + 1 , x ∈ N ∗ , x ≥ 3 ,则最小角为A,最大角为C:
cos A = x 2 + ( x + 1 ) 2 − ( x − 1 ) 2 2 x ( x + 1 ) = x 2 + 4 x 2 x ( x + 1 ) = x + 4 2 ( x + 1 ) cos C = x 2 + ( x − 1 ) 2 − ( x + 1 ) 2 2 x ( x − 1 ) = x 2 − 4 x 2 x ( x − 1 ) = x − 4 2 ( x − 1 ) \begin{gathered} \cos A=\frac{x^2+(x+1)^2-(x-1)^2}{2x(x+1)}\\ =\frac{x^2+4x}{2x(x+1)}\\=\frac{x+4}{2(x+1)}\\ \cos C=\frac{x^2+(x-1)^2-(x+1)^2}{2x(x-1)}\\=\frac{x^2-4x}{2x(x-1)}\\ =\frac{x-4}{2(x-1)}\\ \end{gathered} cos A = 2 x ( x + 1 ) x 2 + ( x + 1 ) 2 − ( x − 1 ) 2 = 2 x ( x + 1 ) x 2 + 4 x = 2 ( x + 1 ) x + 4 cos C = 2 x ( x − 1 ) x 2 + ( x − 1 ) 2 − ( x + 1 ) 2 = 2 x ( x − 1 ) x 2 − 4 x = 2 ( x − 1 ) x − 4 考虑1: C = 2 A cos C = 2 cos 2 A − 1 x − 4 2 ( x − 1 ) = 2 [ x + 4 2 ( x + 1 ) ] 2 − 1 ( x − 4 ) ( x + 1 ) 2 = ( x + 4 ) 2 ( x − 1 ) − 2 ( x + 1 ) 2 ( x − 1 ) 2 x 3 − 7 x 2 − 17 x + 10 = 0 ( x − 5 ) ( 2 x 2 + 3 x − 2 ) = 0 x = 5 \begin{gathered} C=2A\\ \cos C=2\cos^2A-1\\ \frac{x-4}{2(x-1)}=2[\frac{x+4}{2(x+1)}]^2-1\\ (x-4)(x+1)^2=(x+4)^2(x-1)-2(x+1)^2(x-1)\\ 2x^3-7x^2-17x+10=0\\ (x-5)(2x^2+3x-2)=0\\ x=5 \end{gathered} C = 2 A cos C = 2 cos 2 A − 1 2 ( x − 1 ) x − 4 = 2 [ 2 ( x + 1 ) x + 4 ] 2 − 1 ( x − 4 ) ( x + 1 ) 2 = ( x + 4 ) 2 ( x − 1 ) − 2 ( x + 1 ) 2 ( x − 1 ) 2 x 3 − 7 x 2 − 17 x + 10 = 0 ( x − 5 ) ( 2 x 2 + 3 x − 2 ) = 0 x = 5 考虑2:
盲目求解高次方程不可取,我们分析A,C变化趋势:
x越大,cos A \cos A cos A 越小,A越大 x越大,cos C \cos C cos C 越大,C越小 x=5,C=2A 所以想要C = 3 A C=3A C = 3 A ,只能是x = 4 , 3 x=4,3 x = 4 , 3 ,而经检验均不符合条件,故2不存在.
例4.25 (清华大学)已知 △ A B C \triangle ABC △ A B C 不是直角三角形,3 tan C − 1 = tan B + tan C tan A \sqrt{3}\tan C - 1 = \frac{\tan B + \tan C}{\tan A} 3 tan C − 1 = t a n A t a n B + t a n C ,且 sin 2 A , sin 2 B , sin 2 C \sin 2A, \sin 2B, \sin 2C sin 2 A , sin 2 B , sin 2 C 的倒数成等差数列,则 cos A − C 2 \cos\frac{A-C}{2} cos 2 A − C 的可能值为
A. 1 1 1
B. − 1 -1 − 1
C. 6 4 \frac{\sqrt{6}}{4} 4 6
D. − 6 4 -\frac{\sqrt{6}}{4} − 4 6
先考虑正切条件去分母: 3 tan A tan C = tan A + tan B + tan C tan A tan B tan C = tan A + tan B + tan C \begin{gathered} \sqrt{3}\tan A\tan C=\tan A+\tan B+\tan C\\ \tan A\tan B\tan C=\tan A+\tan B+\tan C \end{gathered} 3 tan A tan C = tan A + tan B + tan C tan A tan B tan C = tan A + tan B + tan C
这表明tan B = 3 , B = π 3 \tan B=\sqrt{3},B=\frac{\pi}{3} tan B = 3 , B = 3 π .
1 sin 2 A + 1 sin 2 C = 2 sin 2 B = 4 3 sin 2 A + sin 2 C sin 2 A sin 2 C = 4 3 4 sin ( A + C ) cos ( A − C ) cos ( 2 A − 2 C ) − cos ( 2 A + 2 C ) = 4 3 3 2 cos ( A − C ) cos ( 2 A − 2 C ) + 1 2 = 1 3 3 cos ( A − C ) = 2 cos [ 2 ( A − C ) ] + 1 3 cos ( A − C ) = 2 [ 2 cos 2 ( A − C ) − 1 ] + 1 4 cos 2 ( A − C ) − 3 cos ( A − C ) − 1 = 0 cos ( A − C ) = 1 or − 1 4 cos ( A − C 2 ) = 1 or + 6 4 or − 6 4 ( discard ) \begin{gathered} \frac{1}{\sin 2A}+\frac{1}{\sin 2C}=\frac{2}{\sin 2B}=\frac{4}{\sqrt{3}}\\ \frac{\sin 2A+\sin 2C}{\sin 2A\sin 2C}=\frac{4}{\sqrt{3}}\\ \frac{4\sin(A+C)\cos(A-C)}{\cos(2A-2C)-\cos(2A+2C)}=\frac{4}{\sqrt{3}}\\ \frac{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\cos(A-C)}{\cos(2A-2C)+\frac{1}{2}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\\ 3\cos(A-C)=2\cos[2(A-C)]+1\\ 3\cos(A-C)=2[2\cos^2(A-C)-1]+1\\ 4\cos^2(A-C)-3\cos(A-C)-1=0\\ \cos(A-C)=1\text{ or }-\frac{1}{4}\\ \cos(\frac{A-C}{2})=1\text{ or }+\frac{\sqrt{6}}{4}\text{ or }-\frac{\sqrt{6}}{4}(\text{discard}) \end{gathered} sin 2 A 1 + sin 2 C 1 = sin 2 B 2 = 3 4 sin 2 A sin 2 C sin 2 A + sin 2 C = 3 4 cos ( 2 A − 2 C ) − cos ( 2 A + 2 C ) 4 sin ( A + C ) cos ( A − C ) = 3 4 cos ( 2 A − 2 C ) + 2 1 2 3 cos ( A − C ) = 3 1 3 cos ( A − C ) = 2 cos [ 2 ( A − C )] + 1 3 cos ( A − C ) = 2 [ 2 cos 2 ( A − C ) − 1 ] + 1 4 cos 2 ( A − C ) − 3 cos ( A − C ) − 1 = 0 cos ( A − C ) = 1 or − 4 1 cos ( 2 A − C ) = 1 or + 4 6 or − 4 6 ( discard )
例4.26 (北京大学)有多少种互不相似的三角形 A B C ABC A B C 满足 sin A = cos B = tan C \sin A = \cos B = \tan C sin A = cos B = tan C
A. 0B. 1 C. 2 D. 前三个答案都不对
先考虑sin A = cos B \sin A = \cos B sin A = cos B ,这可以直接得出角度关系: sin A = sin ( π 2 + B ) A = π 2 + B or π 2 − B \begin{gathered} \sin A=\sin(\frac{\pi}{2}+B)\\ A=\frac{\pi}{2}+B\text{ or }\frac{\pi}{2}-B \end{gathered} sin A = sin ( 2 π + B ) A = 2 π + B or 2 π − B 下面根据这两种可能进行讨论: A = π 2 − B , C = π 2 \begin{gathered} A=\frac{\pi}{2}-B,C=\frac{\pi}{2} \end{gathered} A = 2 π − B , C = 2 π 这将导致tan C \tan C tan C 无意义,舍去这种情况. A = π 2 + B tan C = tan ( π 2 − 2 B ) = 1 tan 2 B = cos B cos 2 B sin 2 B = cos B cos 2 B = sin 2 B cos B 2 cos 2 B − 1 = 2 sin A cos 2 B ( 2 cos 2 B − 1 ) 2 = 4 ( 1 − c o s 2 B ) cos 4 B 4 ( cos 2 B ) 3 − 4 cos 2 B + 1 = 0 , B ∈ ( 0 , π 2 ) \begin{gathered} A=\frac{\pi}{2}+B\\ \tan C=\tan(\frac{\pi}{2}-2B)=\frac{1}{\tan2B}=\cos B\\ \frac{\cos2B}{\sin2B}=\cos B\\ \cos2B=\sin2B\cos B\\ 2\cos^2B-1=2\sin A\cos^2B\\ (2\cos^2B-1)^2=4(1-cos^2B)\cos^4B\\ 4(\cos^2B)^3-4\cos^2B+1=0,B\in(0,\frac{\pi}{2}) \end{gathered} A = 2 π + B tan C = tan ( 2 π − 2 B ) = tan 2 B 1 = cos B sin 2 B cos 2 B = cos B cos 2 B = sin 2 B cos B 2 cos 2 B − 1 = 2 sin A cos 2 B ( 2 cos 2 B − 1 ) 2 = 4 ( 1 − co s 2 B ) cos 4 B 4 ( cos 2 B ) 3 − 4 cos 2 B + 1 = 0 , B ∈ ( 0 , 2 π )
令cos 2 B = t ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) \cos^2B=t\in(0,1) cos 2 B = t ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) ,则: f ( t ) = 4 t 3 − 4 t + 1 f ′ ( t ) = 12 t 2 − 4 f ( 0 ) = 1 , f ( 1 ) = 1 , f ( + 3 3 ) = 9 − 8 3 9 < 0 \begin{gathered} f(t)=4t^3-4t+1\\ f'(t)=12t^2-4\\ f(0)=1,f(1)=1,f(+\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})=\frac{9-8\sqrt{3}}{9}\lt0 \end{gathered} f ( t ) = 4 t 3 − 4 t + 1 f ′ ( t ) = 12 t 2 − 4 f ( 0 ) = 1 , f ( 1 ) = 1 , f ( + 3 3 ) = 9 9 − 8 3 < 0
所以f ( t ) = 0 f(t)=0 f ( t ) = 0 有两个实数解,对应确定的两个B,还需要检验这两个B的可行性:
C = π 2 − 2 B > 0 , B < π 4 t = cos 2 B > 1 2 1 2 < 1 3 f ( 1 2 ) = − 1 2 < 0 t 1 ∈ ( 0 , 1 2 ) , t 2 ∈ ( 1 3 , 1 ) \begin{gathered} C=\frac{\pi}{2}-2B\gt0,B\lt\frac{\pi}{4}\\ t=\cos^2B\gt\frac{1}{2}\\ \frac{1}{2}\lt\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\\ f(\frac{1}{2})=-\frac{1}{2}\lt0\\ t_1\in(0,\frac{1}{2}),t_2\in(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}},1) \end{gathered} C = 2 π − 2 B > 0 , B < 4 π t = cos 2 B > 2 1 2 1 < 3 1 f ( 2 1 ) = − 2 1 < 0 t 1 ∈ ( 0 , 2 1 ) , t 2 ∈ ( 3 1 , 1 )
这表明,只有t 2 t_2 t 2 对应的B是可行的,对应唯一确定的三角形形状.
例4.27 (同济大学)设函数 f ( x ) = sin ( ω x + φ ) f(x) = \sin(\omega x + \varphi) f ( x ) = sin ( ω x + φ ) ,其中 ω > 0 \omega > 0 ω > 0 ,φ ∈ R \varphi \in \mathbb{R} φ ∈ R 。若存在常数 T T T (T < 0 T < 0 T < 0 ),使对任意 x ∈ R x \in \mathbb{R} x ∈ R 有 f ( x + T ) = T f ( x ) f(x + T) = T f(x) f ( x + T ) = T f ( x ) ,则 ω \omega ω 可取得的最小值为______。
考虑正弦函数的有界性,只能有∣ T ∣ = 1 |T|=1 ∣ T ∣ = 1 ,又T < 0 T\lt0 T < 0 ,故T = − 1 T=-1 T = − 1 .
f ( x − 1 ) = − f ( x ) f(x -1) = -f(x) f ( x − 1 ) = − f ( x )
这表明ω = k π ( k ∈ Z ) \omega=k\pi(k\in\Z) ω = k π ( k ∈ Z ) ,故ω ≥ π \omega\ge\pi ω ≥ π
例4.28 (北京大学) 求使得 sin 4 x sin 2 x − sin x sin 3 x = a \sin 4x \sin 2x - \sin x \sin 3x = a sin 4 x sin 2 x − sin x sin 3 x = a 在 [ 0 , π ) [0, \pi) [ 0 , π ) 有唯一解的 a a a 。
cos 2 x − cos 6 x − ( cos 2 x − cos 4 x ) = 2 a cos 4 x − cos 6 x = 2 a sin 5 x sin x = a \begin{gathered} \cos2x-\cos6x-(\cos2x-\cos4x)=2a\\ \cos4x-\cos6x=2a\\ \sin5x\sin x=a \end{gathered} cos 2 x − cos 6 x − ( cos 2 x − cos 4 x ) = 2 a cos 4 x − cos 6 x = 2 a sin 5 x sin x = a
f ( x ) = sin 5 x sin x = a f(x)=\sin5x\sin x=a f ( x ) = sin 5 x sin x = a 在 [ 0 , π ) [0, \pi) [ 0 , π ) 有唯一解,要么是在边界上取到,要么是在极值点处取到.
进一步审视函数性质,发现x = π 2 x=\frac{\pi}{2} x = 2 π 是函数f ( x ) f(x) f ( x ) 对称轴,所以:
f ( 0 ) = 0 = a or f ( π 2 ) = 1 = a \begin{gathered} f(0)=0=a\text{ or }f(\frac{\pi}{2})=1=a \end{gathered} f ( 0 ) = 0 = a or f ( 2 π ) = 1 = a
a = 0 a=0 a = 0 显然对应很多x x x ,故只能是a = 1 a=1 a = 1 .
sin 5 x sin x = a 5 x − x = 2 k π , x = π 2 + k ′ π ∈ [ 0 , π ) k = 2 k ′ + 1 ( k ′ = 0 ) x = π 2 \begin{gathered} \sin5x\sin x=a\\ 5x-x=2k\pi,x=\frac{\pi}{2}+k'\pi\in[0,\pi)\\ k=2k'+1(k'=0)\\ x=\frac{\pi}{2} \end{gathered} sin 5 x sin x = a 5 x − x = 2 k π , x = 2 π + k ′ π ∈ [ 0 , π ) k = 2 k ′ + 1 ( k ′ = 0 ) x = 2 π
例4.29 (同济大学) 设 0 < a < 1 0 < a < 1 0 < a < 1 ,0 < θ < π 4 0 < \theta < \frac{\pi}{4} 0 < θ < 4 π ,x = ( sin θ ) log a sin θ x = (\sin \theta)^{\log_a \sin \theta} x = ( sin θ ) l o g a s i n θ ,y = ( cos θ ) log a tan θ y = (\cos \theta)^{\log_a \tan \theta} y = ( cos θ ) l o g a t a n θ ,则 x , y x, y x , y 的大小关系为______。
0 < θ < π 4 ⟹ 1 > cos θ > sin θ sin θ < tan θ < 1 , a < 1 ⟹ log a sin θ > log a tan θ > 0 x < ( cos θ ) log a sin θ < y \begin{gathered} 0 < \theta < \frac{\pi}{4}\\ \Longrightarrow 1\gt\cos\theta\gt\sin\theta\\ \sin\theta\lt\tan\theta\lt1,a\lt 1\\ \Longrightarrow \log_a \sin \theta\gt\log_a \tan \theta\gt0\\ x\lt (\cos \theta)^{\log_a \sin \theta}\lt y \end{gathered} 0 < θ < 4 π ⟹ 1 > cos θ > sin θ sin θ < tan θ < 1 , a < 1 ⟹ log a sin θ > log a tan θ > 0 x < ( cos θ ) l o g a s i n θ < y
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